all seeking safety studies
You can freely download each research article below. Please also see the important summaries of evidence section, which include: cost benefit analysis; meta analyses; and long term adoption.
Also see chapters describing the Seeking Safety model:
Also see chapters describing the Seeking Safety model:
- Read a summary of the evidence on Seeking Safety (2013); a meta-analysis of Seeking Safety on over 1900 clients (2016); another meta-analysis of Seeking Safety (2023); and a summary of evidence on PTSD treatments; and systematic review of gender-based treatments (2023)
- Read chapters describing the Seeking Safety model
- Read a cost / benefit analysis of Seeking Safety compared to other models -- for example, Seeking Safety is at the very top (#3) among all 23 substance abuse treatment models for adults that were analyzed, including relapse prevention, motivational enhancement, 12-step facilitation, etc.
1. Women outpatients (pilot) (Najavits et al., 1998)
2. Women in a community mental health center (pilot) (Holdcraft & Comtois, 2002)
3. Women in prison (pilot) (Zlotnick et al., 2003)
4. Women in substance abuse treatment (pilot) (Young et al., 2004)
5. Dissemination study (Hills, 2004)
6. Women outpatients (pilot; master's thesis) (Mcnelis-Domingos, 2004) (contact [email protected])
7. Low-income urban women (randomized controlled trial) (Hien et al., 2004; 2006)
(a) Comparison study (Hien et al., 2004)
(b) Outcome study(Cohen & Hien, 2006)
8. Women with co-occurring disorder (multisite controlled trial) (Morrissey et al., 2005)
(a) Twelve month outcomes (Morissey et al., 2005)
(b) Program-level effects (Cocozza et al., 2005)
(c) Service costs (Morissey et al., 2005)
9. Men outpatients (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2005)
10. Women veterans (pilot) (Weller, 2005)
11. Young African-American men (pilot) (Hamilton, 2006)
12. Adolescent girls (randomized controlled trial) (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2006)
13. Men and women veterans (pilot) (Cook et al., 2006)
14. Women in community treatment (controlled trial) (Gatz et al., 2007)
15. Men veterans (Weaver et al., 2007); and reply [see 2nd page] (Najavits, 2007)
16. Dissemination study (Brown et al., 2007)
17. Summary of literature (Najavits et al. 2008)
18. Homeless women veterans (multisite controlled trial) (Desai et al., 2008, with correction letter 2009)
19. Women in prison (randomized pilot study) (Zlotnick et al., 2009)
20. Women in residential treatment (pilot using partial-dose) (Ghee et al., 2009).
21. Women in community treatment (multisite randomized controlled using partial-dose SS):
(a) Initial results (Hien, Wells et al, 2009)
(b) PTSD improvements in relation to substance use outcomes (Hien , 2010)
(c) Impact on HIV risk behavior (Hien, Campbell, Killeen et al., 2010)
(d) Impact on alcohol use (Hien, Campbell, Ruglass et al., 2010)
(e) Intervention safety (Killeen et al., 2008)
(f) Alliance and retention (Ruglass et al., 2012)
(g) Impact on domestic violence (Cohen et al., 2013)
(h) Synergy of Seeking Safety and 12-Step (Morgan-Lopez et al., 2013)
(i) Women with disabilities (Anderson & Najavits, 2014)
(j) Site adoption followup (Hien et al., 2020)
(k) Long term impact (Hien et al., 2020)
22. Veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan (pilot using partial-dose SS) (Norman et al., 2010)
23. Clients' treatment preferences, including Seeking Safety (Najavits, 2010)
24. Men soldiers in Canada (pilot of French translation) (Lapointe, 2010).
25. Survey of clinicians' views (Najavits et al. 2011)
26. VA clinicians' ratings of treatments, including Seeking Safety (Najavits et al.2011).
27. Women in prison (controlled trial) (Lynch et al., 2012)
28. Men veterans (randomized controlled trial) (Boden et al., 2012)
29. Women in prison (pilot) (Wolff et al., 2012).
30. Men and women inpatients (pilot) (Searcy & Lipps, 2012)
31. Men and women with PTSD and pathological gambling (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2013)
32. Literature review of evidence (Najavits et al. 2013)
33. Men and women in Canada (pilot of French translation) (Daoust et al. 2014)
34. Men and women in France (pilot of French translation) (Freyd-Harleaux & Stentz, 2014)
35. Women with physical disabilities (secondary analysis of multisite randomized controlled trial) (Anderson & Najavits, 2014)
36. Peer-led Seeking Safety (pilot) (Najavits et al. 2014)
37. French Canadian adolescents (pilot) (Daoust et al. 2014)
38. Rural women (pilot) (Patitz et al., 2015)
39. Men in prison (pilot) (Barrett et al., 2015)
40. Aboriginal communities (Marsh et al., 2015, 2016, 2016, 2018)
(a) Pilot quantitative results (Marsh et al., 2016)
(b) Pilot qualitative results (Marsh et al., 2016)
(c) Literature review (Marsh et al., 2015)
(d) Research process (Marsh et al., 2015)
(e) Qualitative project (Marsh et al., 2018)
(f) Training Indigenous facilitators (Marsh et al., 2020)
41. German women outpatients (pilot) (Kaiser et al., 2015)
42. Men and women outpatients: Seeking Safety partial dose plus antidepressant medication or placebo (randomized controlled trial) (Hien et al. 2015)
43. Men and women in drug court (pilot) (Brown et al. 2015)
44. Incarcerated men: Seeking Safety vs. TREM (controlled trial) (Wolff et al.,2015)
45. Combined manualized approach, including Seeking Safety, in a public hospital setting (randomized controlled trial) (Morley et al., 2015)
46. Pregnant women in primary care (randomized controlled trial) (Upshur et al., 2016)
47. Peer-led Seeking Safety (training study) (Crisanti et al., 2016)
48. Meta-analysis of Seeking Safety (Lenz et al., 2016)
48. Active duty military (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2016)
49. Transgender women living with HIV (pilot) (Empson et al., 2017)
50. Men and women in community treatment: Seeking Safety added to 12-Step Social Model (pilot) (Lange-Altman et al., 2017)
51. Men and women military veterans: Seeking Safety vs. Creating Change (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2018)
52. Peer vs. counselor-led Seeking Safety (randomized controlled trial) (Crisanti et al., 2019)
53. Pregnant women (pilot) (Shenai et al., 2019)
54. Seeking Safety plus drumming (pilot) (Ragg et al., 2019)
55. Seeking Safety plus yoga (pilot) (Murphy et al., 2019)
56. Germany study of woman outpatients: Seeking Safety partial dose vs. Relapse Prevention (randomized controlled trial) Schäfer et al., 2019)
57. Perceived helpfulness of peer-led Seeking Safety (Crisanti et al., 2019)
58. Women in prison (RCT) (Tripoldi et al., 2019)
59. Transgender women of color (pilot) (Takahashi et al,. 2020)
60. Deaf individuals with trauma and addiction (Signs of Safety) description (Anderson et al., 2021). [See also a 2025 article on methodology considerations for studies of this population.]
61. Mothers in recovery (Sperlich et al., 2021)
62. United Kingdom pilot study (Airdrie et al., 2022)
63. Meta-analysis of Seeking Safety (Sherman et al., 2023)
64. Seeking Safety vs. CBT for gambling disorder and PTSD (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits, Ledgerwood & Afifi, 2023).
65. Seeking Safety mobile app vs. control app (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2023).
2. Women in a community mental health center (pilot) (Holdcraft & Comtois, 2002)
3. Women in prison (pilot) (Zlotnick et al., 2003)
4. Women in substance abuse treatment (pilot) (Young et al., 2004)
5. Dissemination study (Hills, 2004)
6. Women outpatients (pilot; master's thesis) (Mcnelis-Domingos, 2004) (contact [email protected])
7. Low-income urban women (randomized controlled trial) (Hien et al., 2004; 2006)
(a) Comparison study (Hien et al., 2004)
(b) Outcome study(Cohen & Hien, 2006)
8. Women with co-occurring disorder (multisite controlled trial) (Morrissey et al., 2005)
(a) Twelve month outcomes (Morissey et al., 2005)
(b) Program-level effects (Cocozza et al., 2005)
(c) Service costs (Morissey et al., 2005)
9. Men outpatients (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2005)
10. Women veterans (pilot) (Weller, 2005)
11. Young African-American men (pilot) (Hamilton, 2006)
12. Adolescent girls (randomized controlled trial) (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2006)
13. Men and women veterans (pilot) (Cook et al., 2006)
14. Women in community treatment (controlled trial) (Gatz et al., 2007)
15. Men veterans (Weaver et al., 2007); and reply [see 2nd page] (Najavits, 2007)
16. Dissemination study (Brown et al., 2007)
17. Summary of literature (Najavits et al. 2008)
18. Homeless women veterans (multisite controlled trial) (Desai et al., 2008, with correction letter 2009)
19. Women in prison (randomized pilot study) (Zlotnick et al., 2009)
20. Women in residential treatment (pilot using partial-dose) (Ghee et al., 2009).
21. Women in community treatment (multisite randomized controlled using partial-dose SS):
(a) Initial results (Hien, Wells et al, 2009)
(b) PTSD improvements in relation to substance use outcomes (Hien , 2010)
(c) Impact on HIV risk behavior (Hien, Campbell, Killeen et al., 2010)
(d) Impact on alcohol use (Hien, Campbell, Ruglass et al., 2010)
(e) Intervention safety (Killeen et al., 2008)
(f) Alliance and retention (Ruglass et al., 2012)
(g) Impact on domestic violence (Cohen et al., 2013)
(h) Synergy of Seeking Safety and 12-Step (Morgan-Lopez et al., 2013)
(i) Women with disabilities (Anderson & Najavits, 2014)
(j) Site adoption followup (Hien et al., 2020)
(k) Long term impact (Hien et al., 2020)
22. Veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan (pilot using partial-dose SS) (Norman et al., 2010)
23. Clients' treatment preferences, including Seeking Safety (Najavits, 2010)
24. Men soldiers in Canada (pilot of French translation) (Lapointe, 2010).
25. Survey of clinicians' views (Najavits et al. 2011)
26. VA clinicians' ratings of treatments, including Seeking Safety (Najavits et al.2011).
27. Women in prison (controlled trial) (Lynch et al., 2012)
28. Men veterans (randomized controlled trial) (Boden et al., 2012)
29. Women in prison (pilot) (Wolff et al., 2012).
30. Men and women inpatients (pilot) (Searcy & Lipps, 2012)
31. Men and women with PTSD and pathological gambling (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2013)
32. Literature review of evidence (Najavits et al. 2013)
33. Men and women in Canada (pilot of French translation) (Daoust et al. 2014)
34. Men and women in France (pilot of French translation) (Freyd-Harleaux & Stentz, 2014)
35. Women with physical disabilities (secondary analysis of multisite randomized controlled trial) (Anderson & Najavits, 2014)
36. Peer-led Seeking Safety (pilot) (Najavits et al. 2014)
37. French Canadian adolescents (pilot) (Daoust et al. 2014)
38. Rural women (pilot) (Patitz et al., 2015)
39. Men in prison (pilot) (Barrett et al., 2015)
40. Aboriginal communities (Marsh et al., 2015, 2016, 2016, 2018)
(a) Pilot quantitative results (Marsh et al., 2016)
(b) Pilot qualitative results (Marsh et al., 2016)
(c) Literature review (Marsh et al., 2015)
(d) Research process (Marsh et al., 2015)
(e) Qualitative project (Marsh et al., 2018)
(f) Training Indigenous facilitators (Marsh et al., 2020)
41. German women outpatients (pilot) (Kaiser et al., 2015)
42. Men and women outpatients: Seeking Safety partial dose plus antidepressant medication or placebo (randomized controlled trial) (Hien et al. 2015)
43. Men and women in drug court (pilot) (Brown et al. 2015)
44. Incarcerated men: Seeking Safety vs. TREM (controlled trial) (Wolff et al.,2015)
45. Combined manualized approach, including Seeking Safety, in a public hospital setting (randomized controlled trial) (Morley et al., 2015)
46. Pregnant women in primary care (randomized controlled trial) (Upshur et al., 2016)
47. Peer-led Seeking Safety (training study) (Crisanti et al., 2016)
48. Meta-analysis of Seeking Safety (Lenz et al., 2016)
48. Active duty military (pilot) (Najavits et al., 2016)
49. Transgender women living with HIV (pilot) (Empson et al., 2017)
50. Men and women in community treatment: Seeking Safety added to 12-Step Social Model (pilot) (Lange-Altman et al., 2017)
51. Men and women military veterans: Seeking Safety vs. Creating Change (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2018)
52. Peer vs. counselor-led Seeking Safety (randomized controlled trial) (Crisanti et al., 2019)
53. Pregnant women (pilot) (Shenai et al., 2019)
54. Seeking Safety plus drumming (pilot) (Ragg et al., 2019)
55. Seeking Safety plus yoga (pilot) (Murphy et al., 2019)
56. Germany study of woman outpatients: Seeking Safety partial dose vs. Relapse Prevention (randomized controlled trial) Schäfer et al., 2019)
57. Perceived helpfulness of peer-led Seeking Safety (Crisanti et al., 2019)
58. Women in prison (RCT) (Tripoldi et al., 2019)
59. Transgender women of color (pilot) (Takahashi et al,. 2020)
60. Deaf individuals with trauma and addiction (Signs of Safety) description (Anderson et al., 2021). [See also a 2025 article on methodology considerations for studies of this population.]
61. Mothers in recovery (Sperlich et al., 2021)
62. United Kingdom pilot study (Airdrie et al., 2022)
63. Meta-analysis of Seeking Safety (Sherman et al., 2023)
64. Seeking Safety vs. CBT for gambling disorder and PTSD (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits, Ledgerwood & Afifi, 2023).
65. Seeking Safety mobile app vs. control app (randomized controlled trial) (Najavits et al., 2023).